The Horse, the Wheel, and Language, by David W Anthony
This is a fascinating written report into the origins of Indo-European languages in addition to how they are related to the domestication of the horse, in addition to the excogitation of the wheel.
About one-half the world’s population speak such languages.
There accept been many words written most humanity’s journeying over the ages, exactly inwards this mass David Anthony brings together linguistic, archaeological, scientific in addition to anthropological inquiry to pinpoint the origins of our language, from its ancient Proto-Indo-European (PIE) source.
The Horse, the Wheel, in addition to Language – How Bronze-age riders from the Eurasian Steppes shaped the Modern World
past times David westward Anthony
Princeton University Press
ISBN 978-0-691-14818-2 softcover, 545pp incl references
RRP $25.95 available from Amazon.
Linguists accept tracked the archeological clues to larn the root in addition to development of these languages, in addition to the people who spoke it. There are thence many words alongside mutual sounds in addition to meanings, spoken past times various populations to a greater extent than or less the globe.
How did this happen? How did their traditions spread? Where did our customs from today originate>
Central to this is the horse, originally a nutrient animate beingness exactly later on ridden, in addition to thence driven in addition to pivotal to nation of war in addition to migration.
Of most involvement to equine buffs is volition hold upward the chapter on Equus caballus domestication.
In the mid-1980s Anthony talked to veterinarians most the utilisation of bits, quest if flake wearable would demo on teeth – thinking this would hold upward a practiced means to position early on bitted horses.
He constitute in that place had been niggling inquiry done inwards the area, exactly did discovery that Hilary Clayton had made X-ray fluoroscopic videos of horses chewing bits. As a result, he surmised that wearable from flake chewing should hold upward concentrated on ane minor role of 2 teeth (the lower 2d premolars, or P2s).
This caused somewhat of a stir amidst zoologists in addition to some veterinarians, who idea it was impossible for horses to acquire a flake that far dorsum into their mouth.
As a result, Anthony constitute that flake wearable is important, equally in that place is niggling other bear witness of early on Equus caballus domestication.
The collection of many P2s teeth followed, in addition to likewise the taking of molds of living Equus caballus teeth for comparing purposes.
The winner of the Society for American Archaeology’s 2010 Book Award, The Horse, The Wheel in addition to Language is a masterwork of inquiry on the topic.
» Chapter One – The Mother Tongue (PDF)
David W. Anthony is professor of anthropology at Hartwick College. He is the editor of The Lost World of Old Europe (Princeton). He has conducted extensive archaeological fieldwork inwards Ukraine, Russia, in addition to Kazakhstan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
PART ONE: Language in addition to Archaeology 1
Chapter One: The Promise in addition to Politics of the Mother Tongue 3
Ancestors 3
Linguists in addition to Chauvinists 6
The Lure of the Mother Tongue 11
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 New Solution for an Old Problem 15
Language Extinction in addition to Thought 19
Chapter Two: How to Reconstruct a Dead Language 21
Language Change in addition to Time 22
Phonology: How to Reconstruct a Dead Sound 24
The Lexicon: How to Reconstruct Dead Meanings 32
Syntax in addition to Morphology: The Shape of a Dead Language 36
Conclusion: Raising a Language from the Dead 38
Chapter Three: Language in addition to Time 1: The Last Speakers of Proto-Indo-European 39
The Size of the Chronological Window: How Long Do Languages Last? 39
The Terminal Date for Proto-Indo-European: The Mother Becomes Her Daughters 42
The Oldest in addition to Strangest Daughter (or Cousin?): Anatolian 43
The Next Oldest Inscriptions: Greek in addition to Old Indic 48
Counting the Relatives: How Many inwards 1500 BCE? 50
Chapter Four: Language in addition to Time 2: Wool, Wheels, in addition to Proto-Indo-European 59
The Wool Vocabulary 59
The Wheel Vocabulary 63
When Was the Wheel Invented 65
The Signifi cance of the Wheel 72
Wagons in addition to the Anatolian Homeland Hypothesis 75
The Birth in addition to Death of Proto-Indo-European 81
Chapter Five: Language in addition to Place: The Location of the Proto-Indo-Europe an Homeland 83
Problems alongside the Concept of “the Homeland” 83
Finding the Homeland: Ecology in addition to Environment 89
Finding the Homeland: The Economic in addition to Social Setting 91
Finding the Homeland: Uralic in addition to Caucasian Connections 93
The Location of the Proto-Indo-European Homeland 98
Chapter Six: The Archaeology of Language 102
Persistent Frontiers 104
Migration equally a Cause of Persistent Material-Culture Frontiers 108
Ecological Frontiers: Different Ways of Making a Living 114
Small-scale Migrations, Elite Recruitment, in addition to Language Shift 117
PART TWO: The Opening of the Eurasian Steppes 121
Chapter Seven: How to Reconstruct a Dead Culture 123
The Three Ages inwards the Pontic-Caspian Steppes 125
Dating in addition to the Radiocarbon Revolution 126
What Did They Eat? 128
Archaeological Cultures in addition to Living Cultures 130
The Big Questions Ahead 132
Chapter Eight: First Farmers in addition to Herders: The Pontic-Caspian Neolithic 134
Domesticated Animals in addition to Pontic-Caspian Ecol ogy 135
The First Farmer-Forager Frontier inwards the Pontic- Caspian Region 138
Farmer Meets Forager: The Bug-Dniester Culture 147
Beyond the Frontier: Pontic-Caspian Foragers earlier Cattle Arrived 154
The Gods Give Cattle 158
Chapter Nine: Cows, Copper, in addition to Chiefs 160
The Early Copper Age inwards Old Europe 162
The Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture 164
The Dnieper-Donets II Culture 174
The Khvalynsk Culture on the Volga 182
Nalchik in addition to North Caucasian Cultures 186
The Lower Don in addition to North Caspian Steppes 188
The Forest Frontier: The Samara Culture 189
Cows, Social Power, in addition to the Emergence of Tribes 190
Chapter Ten: The Domestication of the Horse in addition to the Origins of Riding: The Tale of the Teeth 193
Where Were Horses First Domesticated? 196
Why Were Horses Domesticated? 200
What Is a Domesticated Horse? 201
Bit Wear in addition to Horse dorsum Riding 206
Indo-European Migrations in addition to Bit Wear at Dereivka 213
Botai in addition to Eneolithic Horseback Riding 216
The Origin of Horse dorsum Riding 221
The Economic in addition to Military Effects of Horseback Riding 222
Chapter Eleven: The End of Old Europe in addition to the Rise of the Steppe 225
Warfare in addition to Alliance: The Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture in addition to the Steppes 230
The Sredni Stog Culture: Horses in addition to Rituals from the East 239
Migrations into the Danube Valley: The Suvorovo-Novodanilovka Complex 249
Warfare, Climate Change, in addition to Language Shift inwards the Lower Danube Valley 258
After the Collapse 260
Chapter Twelve: Seeds of Change on the Steppe Borders: Maikop Chiefs in addition to Tripolye Towns 263
The Five Cultures of the Final Eneolithic inwards the Steppes 265
Crisis in addition to Change on the Tripolye Frontier: Towns Bigger Than Cities 277
The First Cities in addition to Their Connection to the Steppes 282
The North Caucasus Piedmont: Eneolithic Farmers earlier Maikop 285
The Maikop Culture 287
Maikop-Novosvobodnaya inwards the Steppes: Contacts alongside the North 295
Proto-Indo-European equally a Regional Language inwards a Changing World 299
Chapter Thirteen: Wagon Dwellers of the Steppe: The Speakers of Proto-Indo-European 300
Why Not a Kurgan Culture? 306
Beyond the Eastern Frontier: The Afanasievo Migration to the Altai 307
Wagon Graves inwards the Steppes 311
Where Did the Yamnaya Horizon Begin? 317
When Did the Yamnaya Horizon Begin? 321
Were the Yamnaya People Nomads? 321
Yamnaya Social Organization 328
The Stone Stelae of the North Pontic Steppes 336
Chapter Fourteen: The Western Indo-European Languages 340
The End of the Cucuteni-Tripolye Culture in addition to the Roots of the Western Branches 343
Steppe Overlords in addition to Tripolye Clients: The Usatovo Culture 349
The Yamnaya Migration upward the Danube Valley 361
Yamnaya Contacts alongside the Corded Ware Horizon 367
The Origins of Greek 368
Conclusion: The Early Western Indo-European Languages Disperse 369
Chapter Fifteen: Chariot Warriors of the Northern Steppes 371
The End of the Forest Frontier: Corded Ware Herders inwards the Forest 375
Pre-Sintashta Cultures of the Eastern Steppes 385
The Origin of the Sintashta Culture 389
Warfare inwards the Sintashta Culture: Fortifications in addition to Weapons 393
Tournaments of Value 405
Sintashta in addition to the Origins of the Aryans 408
Chapter Sixteen: The Opening of the Eurasian Steppes 412
Bronze Age Empires in addition to the Horse Trade 412
The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex 421
The Opening of the Eurasian Steppes 435
The Srubnaya Culture: Herding in addition to Gathering inwards the Western Steppes 437
East of the Urals, Phase I: The Petrovka Culture 441
The Seima-Turbino Horizon inwards the Forest-Steppe Zone 443
East of the Urals, Phase II: The Andronovo Horizon 448
Proto-Vedic Cultures inwards the Central Asian Contact Zone 452
The Steppes Become a Bridge across Eurasia 456
Chapter Seventeen: Words in addition to Deeds 458
The Horse in addition to the Wheel 459
Archaeology in addition to Language 463
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