Xenophon to Zettl: a look at classics of horsemanship
The history of the Equus caballus inward imaginative literature may hold upward slim, but the history of literature on the Equus caballus as well as on equine preparation as well as usage, specially military machine usage, represents a rich as well as distinguished tradition.
Thomas Blundeville, The Arte of Ryding (title page, after edition).Commentators engagement its outset inward the West to Xenophon, the Athenian historian as well as general, as well as his principal equestrian treatise, On Horsemanship (c. 360 BC), sometimes translated equally The Art of Horsemanship. The alone extant text on its bailiwick from the classical period, On Horsemanship belongs to the large as well as of import trunk of move rediscovered inward the slow Middle Ages that launched the Renaissance. Published inward the original Greek inward Italy inward 1516 as well as inward England equally early on equally 1692, On Horsemanship firstly appeared inward English linguistic communication translation inward 1584, alongside many other English linguistic communication translations to follow inward the succeeding centuries.
Renaissance masters of horsemanship equally renowned inward their ain fourth dimension equally inward ours, well-nigh of them influenced yesteryear Xenophon, include Federico Grisone, writer of the early on Gli Ordini de Cavalcare (The Rules of Riding) (1550), as well as Thomas Blundeville, a polyglot humanist who translated Grisone into English linguistic communication equally The Art of Ryding as well as Breakinge Greate Horses (1560) as well as and thus followed it alongside his ain treatise on the subject, The Foure Chiefest Offices Belonging to Horsemanship (1580). Seminal post-Renaissance works, all inward impress today, include Antoine de Pluvinal, Le Maneige Royal (1625), William Cavendish, Méthode et innovation nouvelle de dresser les chevaux (1658), translated into English linguistic communication (1667) as well as after published equally A General System of Horsemanship (1743); as well as Francois Robichon de la Guérinière, École de Cavalerie (School of Horsemanship) (1730). Countless treatises, handbooks, as well as dictionaries on horsemanship, dressage, equitation, as well as related subjects followed throughout the 18th century, including Richard Berenger, A New System of Horsemanship (1754), Charles Hughes, The Compleat Horseman (1772), as well as Laurence O’Reilly, The Art of Horsemanship (1780), to select 3 English linguistic communication plant nearly at random.
Francois Baucher dominated horsemanship as well as dressage theory (in the wide feel of “training”) inward French Republic throughout the Victorian period, principally through his masterwork Méthode d’équitation basée sur de nouveaux principes (1842). The mass enjoyed many French editions inward the ensuing decades, including the of import revision introducing Baucher’s “second manner” (1864), equally good equally multiple English linguistic communication editions, titled Method of Riding Based on New Principles, outset inward 1851. Baucher’s methods influenced such contemporary plant equally Lewis Edward Nolan, The Training of Cavalry Remount Horses (1861), James Fillis, Principes de dressage et d’équitation (translated equally Breaking as well as Riding)(1890), Faverot de Kerbrech, Dressage methodique du cheval de selle (Methodical Dressage of the Riding Horse)(1891), as well as Alexis-Francois L’Hotte, Questions équestres (1906). His methods likewise provoked antipathy inward Germany, notably inward Gustav Steinbrecht, Gymnasium des Pferdes (The Gymnasium of the Horse) (1886). H5N1 continuing strength throughout the 20th century, Baucherism informs General Albert Decarpentry, Baucher et boy école (Baucher as well as His School) (1948) as well as Équitation académique (Academic Equitation) (1949), and, to a greater extent than recently, Jean-Claude Racinet, Another Horsemanship (1994) as well as Racinet Explains Baucher (1997).
Francois Baucher (1796-1873)Horsemanship as well as dressage primarily served military machine ends from the classical menses into the 20th century, as well as their departure next the Great War has led to a plethora of plant treating horsemanship as well as dressage equally valuable ends inward themselves or equally critical attributes of eventing as well as other equestrian sports. These include mid-century manuals such equally Vladimir Littauer, Common Sense Horsemanship (1951), Waldemar Seunig, Horsemanship (1956), as well as Noel Jackson, Effective Horsemanship (1967), as well as personal accounts such equally Nino Oliveira, Reflections on Equestrian Art (1965). They include technical as well as meditative texts yesteryear contemporary masters: Alois Podhajsky, Complete Training of Horse as well as Rider (1967) as well as My Horses, My Teachers (1968); Charles de Kunffy, The Ethics as well as Passions of Dressage (1993) as well as Training Strategies for Dressage Riders (1994); as well as Walter Zettl, Dressage inward Harmony (1998) as well as The Circle of Trust (2008). And they include modern histories, such equally Dorian Williams, Great Riding Schools of the World (1975), David Collins, Dressage Masters (2006), as well as Henry Guillaume, The Great European Schools of Classical Dressage (2007).
Not surprisingly, the historical trunk of move on warhorses as well as mounted warfare exceeds that on horsemanship as well as dressage proper. Xenophon’s 2 of import equestrian plant — the mo is The Cavalry Officer (also c. 360 BC) — fix the pattern. The Renaissance as well as 17th century followed suit, alongside seminal works, such equally those cited earlier, by as well as large written for military machine application. The slow 18th century exploded alongside military machine equestrian treatises such equally Captain Robert Hinde, The Discipline of the Light-Horse (1778), Henry Herbert, 10th Earl of Pembroke, Military Equitation (1793), L. Neville, A Treatise on the Discipline of Light Cavalry (1796), W.A. Tyndale, A Treatise on Military Equitation (1797), as well as Charles de Warnery, Remarks on Cavalry (1798), to scream only a few. Scores of similar works, from many countries as well as inward several languages, tin hold upward constitute inward Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO) as well as similar digital databases.
The 19th and 20th centuries gave us histories meant to instruct, such equally Edward Lewis Nolan, Cavalry: History as well as Tactics (1853), Colonel F. Chenevix Trench, Cavalry inward Modern War (1884), as well as Prince zu Hohenlohe Ingelfingen, Letters on Cavalry (1889); technical manuals on many subjects, such equally Philip St. George Cooke, 1862 United States of America of America Cavalry Tactics (1862), George Patten, Cavalry Drill as well as Sabre Exercise (1864), John Boniface, The Cavalry Horse as well as His Pack (1903), as well as the comprehensive Cavalry Manual of Horse Management (developed yesteryear the United States of America of America Cavalry School inward the 1930s as well as revised as well as published inward 1979 “for today’s civilian Equus caballus owners as well as riders”). The yesteryear 2 centuries likewise generated many memoirs, such equally George Waring, Whip as well as Spur (1875), Francis Yeats-Brown, The Lives of a Bengal Lancer (1930), as well as Lucian Truscott, The Twilight of the United States of America of America Cavalry (1989), equally good equally an endless flow of regimental histories, battle studies, as well as combatant diaries.
From our historical perspective, the flurry of books on cavalry as well as mounted warfare published only about the Great War represents a grim irony: many were written yesteryear full general officers, such equally the futurity Field Marshall Douglas Haig, who believed that cavalry would play a decisive purpose on the Western Front, a belief alongside severe ramifications (cavalry did play a critical purpose on the Eastern Front). Prewar texts focusing on strategy include Friedrich Bernhardi, Cavalry inward Future Wars (1906), Gustav Wrangel, The Cavalry inward the Russo-Japanese War (1907), Douglas Haig, Cavalry Studies: Strategic as well as Tactical (1907), Erskine Childers, German Influence on British Cavalry (1911), as well as George Denison, A History of Cavalry, With Lessons for the Future (1913). And wartime texts focusing on tactics as well as technical matters include Paul Trapier Hayne, Lectures on Cavalry (1915), Cavalry Notes, Compiled at Army War College (1917), U.S. Army, Cavalry Drill Regulations (1917), as well as William H. Carter, Horses, Saddles, as well as Bridles (1918). The immediate postwar years brought forth both histories, such equally M.P. Preston, The Desert Mounted Corps: An Account of the Cavalry Operations inward Palestine as well as Syria, 1917-1918 (1921), as well as unapologetic treatises on the of import purpose for cavalry inward futurity wars, such equally Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, Modern Cavalry (1922).
Perhaps the well-nigh heart-wrenching of equine related plant from the Great War period, however, are the treatises as well as manuals on acquiring the vast numbers of horses needed to pursue the state of war — such equally Spencer Borden, What Horse for the Cavalry (1912) or Walter Gilbey, Horses for the Army: H5N1 Suggestion (1913) — specially when these are read inward lite of a main wartime text on what truly was happening to those horses, Sidney Galtrey, The Horse as well as the War (1918), Galtrey’s tribute to “the hundreds of thousands of horses as well as mules that bring been gallantly aiding the Empire’s Cause.” In the end, some 375,000 equines from United Kingdom of Great Britain as well as Northern Ireland lonely perished for that Cause, alongside comparable numbers from other national contestants. The carnage of the Great War, for humans as well as equines alike, was unprecedented.
The form as well as grade of carnage was non lost on the literary horsemen as well as sportsmen who had seen military machine service as well as witnessed the equine slaughter. The English linguistic communication state of war hero turned state of war opponent, Siegfried Sassoon, for example, non alone invoked the hunt inward wartime poems similar “Break of Day” (1917) as well as “Together” (1918), but likewise juxtaposed the opened upward fields as well as the exuberance of horses inward the rural English linguistic communication hunt alongside the confined trenches as well as the decimation of equines on the Western Front inward his postwar trilogy, Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man (1928), Memoirs of an Infantry Officer (1930) as well as Sherston’s Progress (1936). And the American ambulance driver Ernest Hemingway likewise juxtaposed the tragedy that unfolds inward the contained, controlled, but soundless unpredictable ritual violence of the classical Castilian bullfight alongside the vaster as well as to a greater extent than chaotic tragedy of the Great War. His Death inward the Afternoon (1932) dwells less on the killing of bulls, equally both fact as well as metaphor, than on the maiming of men as well as horses.
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