Nationwide horse testing used in Italian dourine outbreak
Italian veterinarians Rossella Lelli, Massimo Scacchia, and Vincenzo Caporale study on dourine cases inwards Italy inwards the latest resultant of The Gluck Equine Disease Quarterly.
Dourine is a sexually transmitted parasitic illness of equidae, caused past times the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma equiperdum.
Recent phylogenetic investigations advise that T. equiperdum in addition to Trypanosoma evansi, the agent of surra, are subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei, transmitted past times tsetse flies in addition to widespread throughout Africa.
Dourine is endemic inwards many areas of Asia, Africa, Russia, parts of the Middle East, South America, in addition to southeastern Europe.
In Italy, it was originally eradicated inwards the 1940s, but inwards the 1970s a serious epidemic occurred.
Dourine is the but trypanosomiasis transmitted alone past times the venereal route. The pathogenicity of unlike T. equiperdum strains is variable.
The diagnosis of dourine tin live difficult, every bit clinical signs in addition to lesions may live absent. Direct diagnosis tin every bit good live problematic, given the depression number of parasites ordinarily acquaint inwards infected tissues in addition to the mild, short-lasting parasitemia. Additionally, at that topographic point is serological cross-reactivity alongside other trypanosomes.
In May 2011, a stallion undergoing routine testing inwards Italy for stud purposes tested positive for dourine inwards the complement fixation test. The ensuing epidemiological investigation revealed iv other outbreaks epidemiologically linked alongside the outset (see tabular array below).
A nationwide serological survey of all officially recognized stallions in addition to females of reproductive historic catamenia (over 2 years) ordered past times the national veterinary ascendancy revealed two novel outbreaks inwards the regions of Campania in addition to Puglia.
Two stallions in addition to iv mares exhibiting clinical signs from unlike outbreaks were transferred to the Istituto G. Caporale inwards Teramo, Italy, inwards gild to study the pathogenesis of the illness in addition to to behave out farther diagnostic evaluation.
The primary signs observed inwards these horses were rapid weight loss; labial ptosis; swollen joints; urticarial, plaque-like pare lesions; ventral edema including the scrotum; prove of lymphatic stagnation; in addition to congestion of the genital mucosa.
Tissues were harvested in addition to tested past times a specific real-time PCR assay for the Trypanozoon subgenus.
The next samples were positive (in or then cases every bit good on similar a shot microscopic examination): mammary tissue, secretions in addition to draining lymph nodes, plaque-like pare lesions, popliteal lymph nodes, cerebrospinal fluid, clitoral groove smear, urine in addition to tear secretion, in addition to intra-articular fluid. T. equiperdum was isolated from the mammary secretion of a naturally infected mare inoculated inwards the scrotum of a virile somebody rabbit.
The distribution of the premises involved, prevalence on the premises in addition to inwards the surrounding area, in addition to the animals that tested positive – all adult animals used for reproduction – create non correlate alongside a illness transmitted mechanically past times insects similar surra.
On the contrary, these factors are congruent alongside a illness transmitted past times coitus, similar dourine.
Also, 5 of the 7 outbreaks were linked past times the displace of breeding animals.
To date, salubrious horses living inwards contact alongside symptomatic in addition to parasitemic horses during periods when vectors of T. evansi are probable to bring been active bring neither developed antibody nor signs of surra.
Currently inwards progress are studies of the pathogenesis of dourine; molecular characterization of the strain isolated; comparative serologic testing including Western blot, ELISA, in addition to immunohistochemistry; in addition to attempts at inwards vitro tillage of the T. equiperdum isolate in addition to its transmission inwards vivo.
The Gluck Equine Disease Quarterly is funded past times Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London Brokers in addition to their Kentucky Agents.
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